Abstract: As one of the important technical means in the multi-source fusion navigation and positioning technology system, geomagnetic navigation and positioning has the advantages of wide application range, strong anti-electromagnetic interference ability, all-weather operation, etc., which provides a passive and autonomous navigation and positioning technology approach for the moving carrier, especially in the underground, underwater and other scenes where satellite signal reception is limited. The realization process of geomagnetic navigation positioning varies due to different carriers and scenarios of geomagnetic positioning application. This paper elaborates the representative principles and methods of geomagnetic navigation and positioning in its different application scenarios, in order to promote the development of this promising field.